s

Inventions, discoveries, introductions Further information: Ancient technology Scythian gold plaque with panther (late 7th century BC) The Parthenon, Athens (5th century BC) The Victorious Youth (c. 310 BC), a preserved bronze statue of a Greek athlete in Contrapposto pose "The Wrestler", an Olmec era statuette, dated roughly 1400–400 BC Lamassu facing forward. Bas-relief from the king Sargon II's palace at Dur Sharrukin in Assyria (now Khorsabad in Iraq), c. 713–716 BC. From Paul-Émile Botta's excavations in 1843–1844. 8th century BC Greek alphabet, the first alphabet with vowels. 7th century BC Trireme[5] 6th century BC paved trackway[5] Pythagorean theorem Monotheism[6] 5th century BC Blast furnace China[7] Atomism crossbow[5] siege engine[5] 4th century BC formal grammar Kyrenia ship[5] 3rd century BC Lighthouse of Alexandria[5] Malleable Cast iron China[8] buoyancy (Archimedes) Spherical earth water clock[5] Qin built and unified various sections of the Great Wall of China. Qin built Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum guarded by the life-sized Terracotta Army. 2nd century BC Antikythera mechanism Literature Main article: Ancient literature Further information: List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts § First_millennium_BC Greco-Roman literature Main articles: Greek literature and Latin literature Archaic period Homer (late 8th or early 7th c.), Iliad, Odyssey Hesiod (8th to 7th c.), Theogony and Works and Days Archilochus (7th century), Greek poet Sappho, (late 7th to early 6th c.), Greek poet Ibycus Alcaeus of Mytilene Aesop's Fables Classical period Aeschylus (c. 525–455 BC), Greek playwright Herodotus (484–425 BC), Histories Euripides (c. 480–406 BC), Greek playwright Xenophon: Anabasis, Cyropaedia Aristotle (384–322 BC), corpus Aristotelicum Hellenistic to Roman period Septuagint Apollonius of Rhodes: Argonautica Callimachus (310/305-240 B.C.), lyric poet Manetho: Aegyptiaca Theocritus, lyric poet Euclid: Elements Menander: Dyskolos Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants Old Latin Livius Andronicus, Gnaeus Naevius, Plautus, Quintus Fabius Pictor, Lucius Cincius Alimentus Classical Latin: Cicero, Julius Caesar, Virgil, Lucretius, Livy, Catullus Chinese literature Main article: Chinese literature I Ching (date unknown, between the 10th and 4th centuries BC) Classic of Poetry (Shījīng), Classic of Documents (Shūjīng) (authentic portions), Classic of Changes (I Ching) Spring and Autumn Annals (Chūnqiū) (722–481 BC, chronicles of the state of Lu) Confucius: Analects (Lúnyǔ) Classic of Rites (Lǐjì) Commentaries of Zuo (Zuǒzhuàn) Laozi (or Lao Tzu): Tao Te Ching Zhuangzi: Zhuangzi (book) Mencius: Mencius Sanskrit literature Main article: Sanskrit literature Vedic Sanskrit: Vedas, Brahmanas Vedanga Mukhya Upanishads early layers of the Sanskrit epics (c. 3rd century BC to 4th century AD) Hebrew Main articles: Ancient Hebrew writings and Hebrew Bible c. 8th to 7th c.: the Book of Nahum, Book of Hosea, Book of Amos, Book of Isaiah c. 6th c.: Psalms c. 5th century: redaction of the Torah 3rd century: Ecclesiastes 2nd century: Book of Wisdom Avestan Yasht, Avesta, Vendidad Other (2nd to 1st century BC) Pali literature: Tipitaka Tamil :Sangam literature Aramaic: Book of Daniel Archaeology Further information: Iron Age and Pre-Columbian Americas Culture Region Period Notes Urnfield culture Europe, Central 1300–750 BC Bronze Age Europe Atlantic Bronze Age Europe, Western 1300–700 BC Bronze Age Europe Painted Grey Ware culture South Asia 1200–600 BC Bronze Age India, Indo-Aryan migration Late Nordic Bronze Age Europe, North 1100–550 BC Bronze Age Europe Villanovan culture Europe, Italy 1100–700 BC Iron Age Europe Greek Dark Ages Greece 1100–800 BC Dorian invasion Iron Age II Near East 1000–586 BC Ancient Near East, List of archaeological periods (Levant) Sa Huỳnh culture Southeast Asia, Vietnam 1000 BC–AD 200 Woodland period North America 1000 BC – AD 1000 List of archaeological periods (North America) Bantu expansion Sub-Saharan Africa 1000 BC–AD 500 Middle Nok Period Sub-Saharan Africa, West 900–300 BC Iron metallurgy in Africa Novocherkassk culture Europe, Eastern 900–650 BC Chavín de Huántar South America, Peru[9] 1200–500 BC Poverty Point earthworks North America, Louisiana 1650–700 BC[9] Olmecs Mesoamerica 1500–400 BC Adena culture North America, Ohio 1000–200 BC[9] Liaoning bronze dagger culture East Asia 800–600 BC Middle Mumun East Asia, Korea 800–300 BC Etruscan civilization Europe, Italy 800–264 BC Paracas culture South America, Peru 800–100 BC[9] Hallstatt culture Europe, Central 800 BC–500 BC Iron Age Europe, Thraco-Cimmerian, Celts British Iron Age Europe, Britain 700–50 BC Insular Celts Zapotec civilization Mesoamerica 700 BC – AD 700 Pazyryk culture Central Asia 600–300 BC Scythians, Saka, Pazyryk burials Aldy-Bel culture Central Asia 600–300 BC Scythians, Saka La Tène culture Europe, Central/Western 500–50 BC Gauls Pre-Roman Iron Age Europe, North 500–50 BC Proto-Germanic Northern Black Polished Ware South Asia 500–300 BC Vedic period Late Mumun East Asia, Korea 550–300 BC Urewe Sub-Saharan Africa 400 BC–AD 500 Iron metallurgy in Africa Late Nok Period Sub-Saharan Africa, West 300–1 BC Iron metallurgy in Africa Nasca culture South America, Peru 100 BC–800 AD[9] Calima culture South America, Colombia 200 BC–400 AD Hopewell tradition North America 100 BC–AD 400[10] Teotihuacan Mesoamerica 100 BC –AD 550[10] Ipiutak Site North America, Alaska 100 BC –AD 800[10] Elijah, 9th century BC (historicity uncertain) Isaiah, 8th century BC Parshvanatha, second-to-last of the mostly legendary Tirthankaras of Jainism, mostly accepted as a historical figure who may have lived in the 8th or 7th century BC.[3] Jeremiah, fl. 628 BC Solon (c. 638–558 BC) Zoroaster (historicity and date disputed)[4] Mahavira, final Tirthankara of Jainism, c. 6th century BC Pythagoras, 6th century BC Heraclitus (c. 535–475 BC) Confucius, 6th to 5th century BC Laozi, date uncertain (6th or 4th century BC) Parmenides, late 6th or early 5th century BC Gautama Buddha, mostly accepted as a historical figure of the 5th century BC Socrates (469 –399 BC) Thucydides (c. 460–400 BC) Aristophanes (446–386 BC) Plato (428 BC–348 BC) Aristotle (384–322 BC) Zhuang Zhou, fl. 4th century BC Panini, fl. 4th century BC Mencius (372–289 BC) Pingala, fl. 3rd century BC Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BC) Euclid, fl. 300 BC Archimedes (287–212 BC) Sima Qian, fl. 2nd century BC Varro (116–27 BC) Cicero (106–43 BC) ronze Age v t e ↑ Chalcolithic Near East (c. 3300–1200 BCE) Anatolia, Caucasus, Elam, Egypt, Levant, Mesopotamia, Sistan, Canaan Late Bronze Age collapse Indian subcontinent (c. 3300–1200 BCE) Indus Valley Civilisation Bronze Age India Ochre Coloured Pottery Cemetery H Europe (c. 3200–600 BCE) Aegean (Cycladic, Minoan, Mycenaean), Caucasus, Catacomb culture, Srubnaya culture, Beaker culture, Apennine culture, Terramare culture, Unetice culture, Tumulus culture, Urnfield culture, Proto-Villanovan culture, Hallstatt culture, Canegrate culture, Golasecca culture, Atlantic Bronze Age, Bronze Age Britain, Nordic Bronze Age East Asia (c. 3100–300 BCE) Erlitou, Erligang, Gojoseon, Jomon, Majiayao, Mumun, Qijia, Siwa, Wucheng, Xindian, Yueshi, Xia dynasty, Shang dynasty, Zhou dynasty arsenical bronze writing literature sword chariot ↓Iron Age Preceded by the Pleistocene
Holocene Epoch
ICS stages/ages (official) Greenlandian (11.7*–8.236* ka) Northgrippian (8.236–4.2† ka) Meghalayan (4.2 ka–present)
Blytt–Sernander stages/ages Preboreal (10.3†–9† ka) Boreal (9–7.5† ka) Atlantic (7.5–5† ka) Subboreal (5–2.5† ka) Subatlantic (2.5 ka–present) *Relative to year 2000 (b2k). †Relative to year 1950 (BP/Before "Present").