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Ancient history
Timeline
- 10th century BC
- Near East: Neo-Assyrian Empire
- Near East: Shoshenq I invades Canaan
- Aegean: Helladic period ends
- 9th century BC
- 8th century BC
- 727 BC: Egypt: Kushite invasion (25th dynasty)
- 771 BC: China: Spring and Autumn period
- Near East: 727 BC: Death of Tiglath-Pileser III, Babylonia secedes from Assyria
- Near East: 722 BC: Sargon II takes Samaria; Assyrian captivity of the Jews.
- Greece: Archaic Greece, Greek alphabet
- Greece: Homer
- 776 BC: Greece: First Olympiad
- 753 BC: Europe: foundation of Rome
- 7th century BC
- 671 BC: Assyrian conquest of Egypt
- Near East: 631 BC: Death of Ashurbanipal, decline of the Assyrian Empire
- 6th century BC
- Egypt: 592 BC: Psamtik II sacks Napata
- Sudan: Aspelta moves the Kushite capital to Meroe
- Near East: 539 BC: Achaemenid conquest of Babylon under Cyrus the Great
- South Asia: Śramaṇa movement and "second urbanisation"
- South Asia: Early Buddhism
- Europe: 509 BC: Roman Republic
- 5th century BC
- China: 479 BC: death of Confucius
- China: 476 BC: Warring States period
- China: 486 BC: Grand Canal construction begins
- Near East: Second Temple Judaism, redaction of the Hebrew Bible
- Greece: beginning of the classical period (Greece in the 5th century BC).
- Greece: Greco-Persian Wars (Battle of Marathon, Battle of Thermopylae)
- Greece: 440 BC: Herodotus' Histories
- Greece: 431 BC: Peloponnesian War
- Oceania: Austronesian expansion reaches Western Polynesia
- 4th century BC
- Greece: 395 BC: Corinthian War
- Egypt: 343 BC: Achaemenid conquest
- Greece/Asia/Egypt: 330s BC: conquests of Alexander the Great, end of the Achaemenid Empire, Macedonian Empire, beginning of the Hellenistic period
- South Asia: Mauryan Empire
- 3rd century BC
- China: Qin Unified China
- China: 206 BC: Han Dynasty
- South Asia: 261 BC: Kalinga war
- Rome: Roman expansion in Italy
- Rome/Carthage: Punic Wars
- 2nd century BC
- Rome/Carthage: 149 BC Third Punic War, Roman province of Africa
- Rome/Greece: 146 BC Battle of Corinth, beginning of the Roman era
- South Asia: 185 BC: Fall of the Maurya Empire
- China: Confucianism became the state ideology of China
- 1st century BC
- China: 91 BC: Records of the Grand Historian finished
- Rome/Europe: 58-50 BC Gallic Wars
- Rome: 32/30 BC: Final War of the Roman Republic (Battle of Actium)
- Rome/Egypt: 31 BC: Roman conquest of Egypt
- Rome/Europe/West Asia/Africa: 27 BC: Roman Empire
Significant people
Some of the central figures of the Axial Age are legendary or semi-legendary, with no contemporary written records available (e.g. Solomon, Zoroaster, Gautama Buddha etc.)- Rulers
- China: Dynasties in Chinese history, List of Chinese monarchs
- Egypt: Third Intermediate Period of Egypt (1069–664 BC)
- Carthage: List of monarchs of Carthage
- Assyrian Empire: List of Assyrian kings
- Babylonia: Neo-Babylonian dynasty
- Canaan/Israel: Kings of Israel and Judah
- Achaemenid Persia: List of monarchs of Persia
- Kingdom of Kush: List of monarchs of Kush
- Classical Greece:
- Monarchs: List of kings of Sparta, Thirty Tyrants
- Athenian democracy: Pericles (495 – 429 BC)
- Macedon: List of ancient Macedonians, Argead dynasty
- Hellenistic period: Ptolemaic Dynasty, Antigonid dynasty, Seleucids, Hasmonean dynasty
- Rome: kings of Rome, List of Roman consuls
- Parthian Empire: List of Parthian kings
- India: List of Indian monarchs
- Japan: List of Japanese monarchs
- Religion, philosophy, scholarship
- Elijah, 9th century BC (historicity uncertain)
- Isaiah, 8th century BC
- Parshvanatha, second-to-last of the mostly legendary Tirthankaras of Jainism, mostly accepted as a historical figure who may have lived in the 8th or 7th century BC.[3]
- Jeremiah, fl. 628 BC
- Solon (c. 638–558 BC)
- Zoroaster (historicity and date disputed)[4]
- Mahavira, final Tirthankara of Jainism, c. 6th century BC
- Pythagoras, 6th century BC
- Heraclitus (c. 535–475 BC)
- Confucius, 6th to 5th century BC
- Laozi, date uncertain (6th or 4th century BC)
- Parmenides, late 6th or early 5th century BC
- Gautama Buddha, mostly accepted as a historical figure of the 5th century BC
- Socrates (469 –399 BC)
- Thucydides (c. 460–400 BC)
- Aristophanes (446–386 BC)
- Plato (428 BC–348 BC)
- Aristotle (384–322 BC)
- Zhuang Zhou, fl. 4th century BC
- Panini, fl. 4th century BC
- Mencius (372–289 BC)
- Pingala, fl. 3rd century BC
- Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BC)
- Euclid, fl. 300 BC
- Archimedes (287–212 BC)
- Sima Qian, fl. 2nd century BC
- Varro (116–27 BC)
- Cicero (106–43 BC)
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Scythian gold plaque with panther (late 7th century BC)
The Victorious Youth (c. 310 BC), a preserved bronze statue of a Greek athlete in Contrapposto pose
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"The Wrestler", an Olmec era statuette, dated roughly 1400–400 BC
- 8th century BC
- Greek alphabet, the first alphabet with vowels.
- 7th century BC
- 6th century BC
- 5th century BC
- 4th century BC
- 3rd century BC
- Lighthouse of Alexandria[5]
- Malleable Cast iron China[8]
- buoyancy (Archimedes)
- Spherical earth
- water clock[5]
- Qin built and unified various sections of the Great Wall of China.
- Qin built Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum guarded by the life-sized Terracotta Army.
- 2nd century BC
Literature
- Greco-Roman literature
- Homer (late 8th or early 7th c.), Iliad, Odyssey
- Hesiod (8th to 7th c.), Theogony and Works and Days
- Archilochus (7th century), Greek poet
- Sappho, (late 7th to early 6th c.), Greek poet
- Ibycus
- Alcaeus of Mytilene
- Aesop's Fables
- Aeschylus (c. 525–455 BC), Greek playwright
- Herodotus (484–425 BC), Histories
- Euripides (c. 480–406 BC), Greek playwright
- Xenophon: Anabasis, Cyropaedia
- Aristotle (384–322 BC), corpus Aristotelicum
- Septuagint
- Apollonius of Rhodes: Argonautica
- Callimachus (310/305-240 B.C.), lyric poet
- Manetho: Aegyptiaca
- Theocritus, lyric poet
- Euclid: Elements
- Menander: Dyskolos
- Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants
- Old Latin Livius Andronicus, Gnaeus Naevius, Plautus, Quintus Fabius Pictor, Lucius Cincius Alimentus
- Classical Latin: Cicero, Julius Caesar, Virgil, Lucretius, Livy, Catullus
- Chinese literature
- I Ching (date unknown, between the 10th and 4th centuries BC)
- Classic of Poetry (Shījīng), Classic of Documents (Shūjīng) (authentic portions), Classic of Changes (I Ching)
- Spring and Autumn Annals (Chūnqiū) (722–481 BC, chronicles of the state of Lu)
- Confucius: Analects (Lúnyǔ)
- Classic of Rites (Lǐjì)
- Commentaries of Zuo (Zuǒzhuàn)
- Laozi (or Lao Tzu): Tao Te Ching
- Zhuangzi: Zhuangzi (book)
- Mencius: Mencius
- Sanskrit literature
- Vedic Sanskrit: Vedas, Brahmanas
- Vedanga
- Mukhya Upanishads
- early layers of the Sanskrit epics (c. 3rd century BC to 4th century AD)
- Hebrew
- c. 8th to 7th c.: the Book of Nahum, Book of Hosea, Book of Amos, Book of Isaiah
- c. 6th c.: Psalms
- c. 5th century: redaction of the Torah
- 3rd century: Ecclesiastes
- 2nd century: Book of Wisdom
- Avestan
- Other (2nd to 1st century BC)
- Pali literature: Tipitaka
- Tamil :Sangam literature
- Aramaic: Book of Daniel
Archaeology
Empires and dynasties
Significant people
Most people known by name from this period are kings or emperors:- First Babylonian dynasty: Hammurabi (1810–1750 BC middle chronology)
- Middle Assyrian Empire: see List of Assyrian kings
- Ancient Egypt: see list of pharaohs
- Bronze Age China: Shang dynasty, Zhou dynasty
Prehistoric cultures
- Europe
- Aegean civilization
- Beaker culture
- Terramare culture
- Tumulus culture
- Unetice culture
- Urnfield culture
- Central Asia
- East Asia
- South Asia
- Ahar–Banas culture
- Cemetery H culture
- Indus valley civilization
- Jorwe culture
- Malwa culture
- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
- Americas
- Sub-Saharan Africa
Events
- c. 2000 BC – Seima-Turbino Phenomenon[3]
- c. 1700–1300 BC – Palace complex in Knossos, Crete, was built.
- c. 1700 BC earthquake damages palaces at Knossos and Phaistos.
- 1627 BC Minoan eruption
- c. 1600 BC–1360 BC Egyptian domination over Canaan and Syria.
- c. 1575 BC Nubian Kerma sacks Egypt.
- 1520 BC Egypt conquers Nubia.
- 1478 BC Battle of Megiddo
- 1269 BC Ramses II and Hattusilis III sign peace treaty.
- 1274 BC Battle of Kadesh
- c. 1250 BC destruction of Troy VII
- 1045 BC Zhou Dynasty founded in China.
- Near East
- c. 2900–2350 BC: Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)
- c. 2334–2154 BC: Akkadian Empire
- 3100–2686 BC: Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)
- c. 2700 BC–1600 BC: Old Elamite period.
- 2686–2181 BC Old Kingdom of Egypt
- 2181–2055 BC First Intermediate Period of Egypt
- c. 3000 BC: Nubian A-Group Culture comes to an end.
- c. 2300 BC: Nubian C-Group culture.
- Europe
- c. 3200 BC: Cycladic culture in Aegean islands of Greece.
- c. 3200 BC–3100 BC: Helladic culture in mainland Greece.[2]
- c. 3200 BC–2800 BC: Ozieri culture.
- Corded Ware culture (also Battle-axe culture, or Single Grave culture).
- Late Maikop culture.
- Late Vinca culture.
- Globular Amphora culture.
- Early Beaker culture.
- Yamnaya culture, Catacomb culture, likely loci of Indo-European Satemization.
- The Sintashta-Petrovka-Arkaim culture emerges from the Catacomb culture from about 2200 BC, likely locus of Proto-Indo-Iranian.
- Butmir culture.
- Late Funnelbeaker culture.
- Baden culture.
- Gaudo culture.
- South Asia
- 2800 BC–2600 BC: Harappan 2.
- 2600 BC–1900 BC: Harappan 3 (Mature Harappan).
- East and Southeast Asia
- Longshan culture
- Baodun culture
- Shijiahe culture
- Liangzhu culture
- Majiayao culture
- Lower Xiajiadian culture
- c. 2500 BC: Austronesian peoples from Formosa colonize Luzon in northern Philippines.
- Americas
- Sub-Saharan Africa
Events
A model of the prehistoric town of Los Millares, with its walls.
- c. 3700 BC: Lothal: Indus Valley trade-port city in India.
- c. 3650 BC–3000 BC: Minoan culture appeared on Crete.
- c. 3200 BC/3100 BC: Helladic culture and Cycladic culture both emerge in Greece.
- c. 3000 BC: Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.
- c. 3000 BC: First evidence of gold being used in the Middle East.
- c. 3000 BC: Nubian A-Group, Ta-Seeti "kingdom" came to an end, possibly due to raids by Egypt.
- c. 3000 BC–2000 BC: Vessels from Denmark are made; they are now at National Museum, Copenhagen.
- c. 2890 BC: Second Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Hotepsekhemwy.
- Syria: Foundation of the city of Mari (29th century BC).
- Semitic tribes occupy Assyria in northern part of the plain of Shinar and Akkad.
- Phoenicians settle on Syrian coast, with centers at Tyre and Sidon.
- Beginning of the period of the mythical Sage Kings in China, also known as the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors.
- c. 2879 BC: Rise of the mythical Văn Lang Kingdom and the Hồng Bàng Dynasty in northern Viet Nam.
- c. 2800 BC–2700 BC: Harp Player, from Keros, Cyclades, was made. It is now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
- Iran: Creation of the Kingdom of Elam.
- Germination of the Bristlecone pine tree "Methuselah" about 2700 BC, one of the oldest known trees still living now.
- c. 2686 BC: Third Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Sanakhte.
- c. 2613 BC: Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Sneferu.
- c. 2600 BC: Founding of the Chalcolithic Iberian civilizations of Los Millares and Zambujal.
- 2600 BC: Unified Indus Valley Civilisation.
- c. 2500 BC: The state of Assyria is established.
- c. 2500 BC: Excavation and development of the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni at Paola, Malta, a subterranean temple complex subsequently used as a necropolis.
- c. 2500 BC–2200 BC: Incised panel "Frying pan", from Syros, Cyclades is made; it is now at the National Archaeological Museum, Athens.
- c. 2500 BC–2200 BC: Two figures of women, from the Cyclades, are made; they are now at Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens.
- Dynasty of Lagash in Sumer.
- 2474 BC–2398 BC: Golden age of Ur in Mesopotamia.
- c. 2498 BC: Fifth Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Userkaf.
- c. 2492 BC: The Armenian patriarch Hayk defeats the Babylonian king Bel (legendary account).
- c. 2345 BC: Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Teti.
- 2334 BC: Sargon of Akkad conquers Mesopotamia, establishing the Akkadian Empire.
- c. 2300 BC: C-Group pastoralists arrive in Nubia.
- c. 2181 BC: Seventh and Eighth Dynasty of Egypt (2181–2160).
- c. 2160 BC: Ninth Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Akhtoy Meryibtowe.
- c. 2130 BC: Tenth Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Meryhathor.
- c. 2134 BC: Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Mentuhotep I.
- Megalithic, Corded Ware culture and the Beaker flourish in Europe.
- Sumerian poetry, lamenting the death of Tammuz, the shepherd god.
- Sumerian cuneiform writing (reduces pictographs still in use to about 550 BC).
- Major religious festival in Sumeria celebrates victory of god of spring over goddess of chaos.
- Earliest Trojan culture.
- Glass beads in Egypt.
- Beginning of the Pengtoushan culture in China.
- The world's last surviving mammoth population, on Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean, goes extinct, sometime between 2500 and 2000 BC.
- c. 2070 BC–1600 BC: The legendary Xia Dynasty in China.[3]
Significant people
- Imhotep, first known architect, physician and engineer in Ancient history.
- The Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors of China.
- Djoser, king of Egypt, commissions the Step Pyramid at Saqqara.
- Gilgamesh, fifth king of the First Dynasty of Uruk, immortalized in the world's first literary work the Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 26th century BC).
- Khufu, king of Egypt, builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
- Urukagina, king of Lagash, creates the first known judicial code (24th century BC).
- Lugalsaggizi, king of Uruk and Umma conquers Lagash (2371 BC–2347 BC).
- Sargon the Great, founder of the empire of Akkad and Sumer (2371 BC–2316 BC middle chronology).
- Ur-Nammu founder of the 3rd dynasty of Ur (2112 BC–2095 BC middle chronology).
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Great Pyramid of Giza, Kheops.
The Medicine Wheel in Bighorn National Forest, Wyoming, United States.
- c. 3500 BC: Indus script develops in Indus Valley Civilization.
- Pottery develops in Americas (30th century BC).
- c. 3000 BC: Potter's wheel appears in Mesopotamia.
- 2900 BC–2400 BC: Sumerians invent phonogram (linguistics).
- 2650 BC: Reservoirs, script, metals and pottery used in the city of Dholavira in Indus Valley Civilization.
- c. 2300 BC: Metals are used in Northern Europe.
- Chinese record a comet.
- Building of the Great Pyramid of Giza (26th century BC).
- Sails used on ships (20th century BC).
- First ziggurats built in Sumer.
- Near East civilizations enter Bronze Age around 3000 BC.
- Oldest known medicine wheel constructed in the Americas.
- First Copper (~2500 BC) and then Bronze (~2000 BC) and other types of metallurgy are introduced to Ireland.
- Domestication of the horse with the coming of Indo-Europeans in central Eurasia.
- The chariot emerges in Central Asia just before 2000 BC.
- The camel (dromedary) domesticated (though widespread use took until mid-to-late 2nd millennium BC).[4][5]
- Indoor plumbing and sewage in the Indus Valley Civilization.[citation needed]
- Sumerian medicine discovers the healing qualities of mineral springs.[citation needed]
- Weaving loom known in Europe.[citation needed]
- Sumerian numerical system based on multiples of 6 and 12.[citation needed]
- Egyptians begin use of papyrus.[6]
- Austronesian peoples have developed lateen sail, and the out-rigger as well as extensive development of celestial navigation systems.[citation needed]
- Oldest known evidence of the inhalation of cannabis smoke, as indicated by charred cannabis seeds found in a ritual brazier at a burial site in present-day Romania.[7]
Cultural landmarks
Stonehenge.
- c. 3000 BC–2500 BC: Tomb, Newgrange, Ireland, was built.
- c. 2750 BC–1500 BC: Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, is built.
- Completion of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
- Completion of first phase of Stonehenge monument in England.
- Era of Buena Vista pyramid/observatory in Peru.
- The Sydney rock engravings in Sydney, Australia, which are examples of Aboriginal rock art, date from around 3000 BC.[8]
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