deity 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mythology
- Äike - Thunder
- Äiatar – a female demon, Devil's daughter
- Alevipoeg - Alev's son, a friend of Kalevipoeg
- Ebajalg - demonic whirlwind
- Ehaema - Mother Twilight, a nocturnal spirit or elf, encouraging spinning
- Eksitaja - an evil spirit who makes people lose their way in a forest or a bog
- Haldjas (the ruler) - elf, fairy, protector spirit of some place, person, plant or animal
- Hall - personification of malaria
- Hämarik - personification of dusk, a beautiful young maiden
- Hännamees – a demon who stole and brought food, money and other worldly goods to its maker and owner
- Hiid - a giant
- Hiiela - another world, land of the dead
- Hiieneitsid - maidens from the land of the dead
- Hiis - holy grove
- Hingeliblikas – a person's spirit in the form of a moth
- Hingeloom - a person's spirit in the form of an insect or a small animal
- Hoidja - protector, keeper
- Härjapõlvlane - goblin
- Ilmaneitsi, Ilmatütar - Air Maiden, Sky Maiden
- Ilmarine, Ilmasepp - a mythical blacksmith who forged among other things the Sun and the Moon (cf. Ilmarinen)
- Ilo - Joy, the hostess of feasts
- Järvevana - Old Man from the Lake
- Jumal - God
- Jutta - queen of the birds, daughter of Taara
- Juudaline - demon
- Kaevukoll - bogeyman of the well
- Kaitsja - protector
- Kalevipoeg, Kalevine, Sohni, Soini, Osmi - giant hero, mythical ancient king of Estonia
- Kalm - grave; spirit of a dead person; ruler of the land of the dead
- Kalmuneiu - Maiden of the Grave; a girl from the land of the dead
- Katk - personification of plague
- Kaval-Ants (Crafty/Sly Hans) - wicked farm hand who deceives his master Vanapagan - the Devil
- Kodukäija - a restless visitant ghost
- Koerakoonlane - a demonic warrior with a dog snout
- Koit - personification of Dawn, a young man, eternal lover of Hämarik
- Koll - bogey
- Kolumats – bogeyman
- Kratt - a demon who stole and brought food, money and other worldly goods to its maker and owner in the form of a whirlwind or meteor-like tail of fire (also called pisuhänd, tulihänd, hännamees) [8]
- Kuu - Moon
- Kõu - Thunder; son of Uku, brother of Pikker
- Kääbas - grave, death spirit
- Külmking - a spirit of an unholy dead, eats children when they bother the forest spirits
- Lapi nõid - witch of Lapland
- Leiger (player) - a giant living in Hiiumaa island, younger brother of "Suur Tõll"
- Lendva - an illness sent by an evil witch
- Libahunt, Sutekskäija - werewolf
- Liiva-Annus or Surm - Death
- Linda - mother of Kalevipoeg
- Lummutis - ghost, wraith
- Luupainaja - incubus, nightmare
- Maa-alune - a creature living under the earth and causing illnesses
- Maajumalad - Gods of Earth
- Maaemä - Mother Earth
- Majauss - domestic grass-snake, protector spirit
- Mana - a hypothetical ruler of the dead
- Manala - land of the dead
- Manalane - inhabitant of the land of the dead
- Marras - spirit of death, predictor of death
- Mereveised - Sea cows
- Metsaema - Mother of Forest
- Metsavana - Old Man of the Forest
- Metsik - a fertility god
- Mumm - bogey, monster, ghost
- Murueide Tütred - daughters of Murueit, beautiful maidens
- Murueit - a female spirit of forest and earth, connected to the land of the dead
- Näkk - mermaid
- Nõid - witch
- Olevipoeg - a friend of Kalevipoeg, city builder, related to St Olaf
- Painaja - nightmare, incubus
- Pakane - Frost
- Pardiajaja - (< Parteigänger) half-demonic warrior
- Peko - Seto god of fertility and brewing
- Peko - a fertility god
- Peninukk - half-demonic warrior
- Penn
- Peremees - Master
- Pikne, Pikker - Thunder, "The Long One"
- Piret - wife of Suur Tõll
- Pisuhänd - tail of fire, treasure-bringing goblin
- Puuk – treasure-bringing goblin
- Põrguneitsi - literally: virgin of Hell
- Päike - Sun
- Rongo
- Rõugutaja - a female deity, protector of the rye crops, women in labor and the city of Narva
- Rukkihunt
- Salme
- Sulevipoeg - Sulev's son, friend of Kalevipoeg
- Suur Tõll - giant hero living in Saaremaa Island
- Taara - the god of nature, sometimes considered supreme god
- Tharapita, Taarapita, Tarapita - mythological Osilian God of War
- Taevataat (literally Sky Father), Vanaisa ("Grandfather")
- Täht - Star
- Tallaja - trampler
- Tikutaja
- Tõll - (see Suur Tõll)
- Tõnn - fairy, fertility god
- Tont - ghost
- Toonela - land of the dead
- Tooni - god of death, ruler of the dead
- Toor, Tooru - a deity known in western Estonia, related to Scandinavian Thor
- Tulbigas
- Tulihänd, Pisuhänd - "tail of fire" - flying house elf, helps to gather and protect the wealth
- Turis
- Tuule-Emä - Mother Wind
- Tuuleisa - Father Wind
- Tuulispask - whirlwind
- Tuuslar - a sorcerer living in Finland
- Udres-Kudres - serf, called "Son of the Sun", hero of folksongs
- Uku - the supreme god
- Vanemuine - the god of songs, art and literature
- Vanapagan ("The Old Heathen") Vanatühi, ("The Old Empty one"), Vanakuri ("The Old Evil One"), Vanapoiss ("The Old Boy"), Vanasarvik ("The Old Horned One") in some texts also Vanataat ("The Old Father") - The Devil
- Varavedaja - loot carrier
- Varjuline - shadowling
- Veehaldjas - spirit of the water, the weaver of a spring Ahjualune
- Veteema – Mother of Waters
- Vetevana - Water Spirit
- Vihelik
- Vilbus
- Virmalised - Polar Lights
- Viruskundra
- Jüri (St George) - god of agriculture
- Laurits (St Lawrence) - god of fire
- Mart (St Martin) - god of fertility
- Olev (St Olaf) - mythical builder of St. Olaf's Church
- Tõnn (St Anthony) - fertility god of the crops and pigs
Estonian mythical and magical objects
- White Ship (valge laev) - mythical ship that brings freedom or takes people away to a better land. This myth was born around 1860 when a small sect led by Juhan Leinberg (also known as Prophet Maltsvet) gathered near Tallinn to wait for a white ship to take them away.
- Hat of fingernails (küüntest kübar) - makes the bearer (usually Vanatühi) invisible.
- Mittens (kirikindad) – were believed to have protective or magic powers, especially church mittens and the ones that sailors wore. Mittens were (are) decorated with special geometric patterns and narrow red stripes; they have many whispers and spells in them because the crafter used to sing while making, dyeing and knitting yarn.
- Belt (kirivöö) - the belt had the most ancient and magical patterns of all the craft items, red woven belts and laces were a common item to sacrifice (they were tied to the branches of holy trees). A belt was tied around parts of body that were sick and, pulled tightly around the waist, had to protect and give strength to the bearer.
- Sacred stones - the last ice age has left a lot of great stones (erratics) in Estonia. Many of them were considered sacred and people came to them to sacrifice silver, blood, red ribbons and coins and ask for welfare and prosperity. Often, the stones have little holes in them, some of them probably used to place the sacrifice in. The meaning and function of the holes is however still disputed; according to paleoastronomer Heino Eelsalu they may have had a calendary function.
- Travelling forests - when people are mean, greedy and cruel in some place, the forests will leave this place. The most stories about travelling forests are found in coastal areas of Estonia.
Heroes, gods and spirits
- Ahti (or Ahto), god of the depths, giver of fish.
- Ajatar (sometimes Ajattara), an evil forest spirit.
- Akka ("old lady"), female spirit, feminine counterpart of "Ukko".[7]
- Äkräs, the god of fertility and the protector of plants, especially the turnip.
- Antero Vipunen, deceased giant, protector of deep knowledge and magic.
- Hiisi, demon, originally meaning a sacred grove, later a mean goblin.
- Iku-Turso, a malevolent sea monster; probably same as Tursas.
- Ilmarinen, the great smith, maker of heaven. Designed the Sampo mill of fortune. Originally a male spirit of air.
- Ilmatar, female spirit of air; the daughter of primeval substance of creative spirit. Mother of Väinämöinen in Kalevala.
- Jumala, a generic name for a major deity. Originally the name given by the Finns to the sky, the sky-god, and the supreme god. Later taivas and Ukko were used as the names for the sky and the sky-god. The word means god and was later used for the Christian God. The origin of the word is unknown – some possible explanations are derivation from Jomali, the supreme deity of the Permians and origination from the Estonian word jume.
- Kalevanpoika (son/man of Kaleva), a giant hero who can cut down forests and mow down huge meadows, identical with Estonian national epic hero Kalevipoeg.
- Kave, ancient god of sky, later the deity of the lunar cycle. Father of Väinämöinen. Also Kaleva.
- Kullervo, tragic antihero. Model for Túrin Turambar in Tolkien's Silmarillion.
- Kuu, goddess of the Moon.
- Lemminkäinen (Ahti Saarelainen, Kaukomieli), a brash hero.
- Lempo, originally a fertility spirit,[citation needed] became synonymous with demon in the Christian era.
- Lalli, Finn who slew St. Henry of Uppsala on the ice of Lake Köyliö, according to a legend.
- Louhi, the matriarch of Pohjola, hostess of the Underworld.
- Loviatar, the blind daughter of Tuoni and the mother of Nine diseases.
- Luonnotar, spirit of nature, feminine creator.
- Menninkäinen, a fairy spirit, gnome, leprechaun of some sort.
- Metsänväki, spirit of forest, forest creature.
- Mielikki, wife of Tapio, the goddess of the forest.
- Nyyrikki, the god of hunting, son of Tapio.
- Näkki, the fearsome spirit of pools, wells and bridges (A spiteful and beautiful womanlike creature with woman's body and fish's behind who flatters men into water in Estonian mythology). Same as Nix.
- Otso, the spirit of bear (one of many circumlocutory epithets).
- Pekko (or Pellon Pekko), the god of crops, especially barley and brewing.
- Perkele, the Devil. Originally a god of thunder, Perkele was demonized with the introduction of the Christian religion. Related to Baltic Perkunas and Norse Thor.
- Pellervo (or Sampsa Pellervoinen), the god of harvest.
- Pihatonttu, tutelary of the yard.
- Piru, spirit, demon. Probably later loan word related to "spirit".[citation needed]
- Päivätär, the goddess of day.[citation needed]
- Raako, the Karelian god of time; Rahko tars the moon describes the phases of the moon.[citation needed]
- Surma, the personification of a violent death.
- Saunatonttu, tutelary of the sauna.
- Tapio, the god of the forest.
- Tellervo, the goddess of the forest, daughter of Tapio and Mielikki.
- Tonttu, generally benign tutelary. Originally, a patron of cultivated land, keeper of lot.
- Tuonetar, name referring to both the mistress and the daughter of Tuoni.
- Tuoni, the personification of Death.
- Tursas, the Tavastian god of war. May be the same as the Norse Tyr and the Germanic Tîwaz.
- Tuulikki, daughter of Tapio and Mielikki, goddess of animals.
- Ukko ("old man") the god of the sky and thunder, related to Thor (Estonian Taara).
- Vellamo, the wife of Ahti, goddess of the sea, lakes and storms. A current image of Vellamo can be seen on the coat of arms of Päijät-häme.
- Vedenemo ("mother of waters") the Karelian Goddess of water of the Karelia region resembles a mermaid, with the body of a fish and the torso and head of a human woman. Like a Greek siren, she sings and seduces humans into the murky depths. Fishermen used to offer their first catch to appease Vedenemo, and spotting her was regarded as an extremely bad omen.[citation needed]
- Väinämöinen, the old and wise man, who possessed a potent, magical voice. Also related to Estonian Vanemuine. The central character in Finnish folklore and he is the main character in the Kalevala.
- The Akka goddesses, such as Raedieahkka
- Beaivi - goddess of the sun, mother of humankind.
- Bieggolmai 'Man of the Winds'- god of the summer winds.
- Horagalles - thunder god whose name means 'Thor-man', also called "Grandfather", Bajanolmmai, Dierpmis, and Tordöm.
- Ipmil 'God' - adopted as a native name for the Christian God (see the related Finnish word Jumala), it refers originally to Radien-attje or Waralden Olmai, the creator of the world and head divinity; in Sámi religion, he is passive or sleeping and is not included in religious practices often.
- Leib-Olmai - god of good luck
- Lieaibolmmai - god of the hunt, and of adult men.
- Mano, Manna, or Aske - god of the moon.
- Rana Niejta - daughter of Raedie.[2] Rana, meaning 'green' or by extension 'fertile earth', was a popular name for Sámi girls.
- Radien-pardne - son of Radien-attje and Raedieahkka.
- Ruohtta - god of sickness and therefore also a death-god. He was depicted riding on a horse.
- Stallo - feared cannibal giants of the wilderness.
- Tjaetsieålmaj - the men of water.[8][9][10][11]
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Gods
Goddesses
Name Name meaning Attested consorts and sexual partners Attested children Attestations Alcis (Latinized Germanic) Contested None attested None attested Germania Baldr (Old Norse), Bældæg (Old English) Old Norse form is contested. Old English form directly translates as "shining day".[1] Nanna Forseti Merseburg Incantation, Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Gesta Danorum, Chronicon Lethrense, Annales Lundenses, possibly Beowulf Bragi (Old Norse) Connected with Bragr ("poetry")[2] Iðunn None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, skaldic poetry Dellingr (Old Norse) Possibly "the dayspring"[3] or "shining one"[4] Nótt Dagr Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Forseti (Old Norse) "Chairman"[5] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Freyr (Old Norse), Frea (Old English), Yngvi (Old Norse), Ing (Old English) "Lord"[6] Freyja, Gerðr Fjölnir (Heimskringla) Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum, Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Heimskringla, Ögmundar þáttr dytts, Gesta Danorum, various others Heimdallr (Old Norse) "World-brightener"[7] None attested None attested Prose Edda, Poetic Edda Hermóðr (Old Norse), Heremod (Old English) "War-spirit"[8] None attested Sceaf (Old English only) Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Beowulf, Old English royal genealogies Höðr (Old Norse) "Warrior"[9] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Gesta Danorum, Chronicon Lethrense, Annales Lundenses, possibly Beowulf Hœnir (Old Norse) Contested None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, skaldic poetry Lóðurr (Old Norse) Contested None attested None attested Poetic Edda, skaldic poetry Loki (Old Norse) Contested Sigyn, Angrboda Nari/Narfi, Váli, Fenrir, Hel, Jormungandr, and Sleipnir Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Heimskringla, Loka Táttur, Norwegian rune poem, Danish folk tales Móði and Magni (Old Norse) "Courage" and "Strength" None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Máni (Old Norse) "Moon" None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Mímir (Old Norse) "Rememberer" None attested Sons, unnamed Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Meili (Old Norse) "the lovely one"[10] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Njörðr (Old Norse) Contested Once unnamed sister, once Skaði Freyr, Freyja Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Heimskringla, Egils saga, Hauksbók ring oath, place names Odin: Óðinn (North Germanic), Wōden (West Germanic), *Wōðanaz (Proto-Germanic) (see List of names of Odin for more) "Frenzy"[11] Frigg (consort), Skaði (Heimskringla only), Gunnlöð, Jörð, Rindr See Sons of Odin Most attestations of Germanic paganism Óðr (Old Norse) "The frenzied one"[12] Freyja Hnoss, Gersemi Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Saxnōt (Old Saxon), Seaxnet, Seaxnēat, Saxnat (Old English) Contested None attested None attested Old Saxon Baptismal Vow, Old English royal genealogies Thor: Þórr (North Germanic), Þunor (Old English), Thunaer (Old Saxon), Donar (Southern Germanic areas) "Thunder", all names stem from Proto-Germanic *ÞunraR[13] Sif (consort), Járnsaxa Móði and Magni, Þrúðr Most attestations of Germanic paganism Tuisto (Latinized Germanic) "double", from the Proto-Germanic root *twai – "two"; "a god, born of the earth" (deum terra editum) None attested Mannus Germania Týr (Old Norse), Tīw, Tīg (both Old English), Ziu (Old High German) "God", derived from Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz[14] Unnamed, possibly Zisa Seaxnot Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, skaldic poetry, Hadrian's Wall altar Ullr (Old Norse) Something like "Glory"[15] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, skaldic poetry, Gesta Danorum, Thorsberg chape, toponyms in Norway and Sweden Váli (Old Norse) "Chosen" None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Gesta Danorum (as Bous) Viðarr (Old Norse) Possibly "wide ruler"[16] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Vé (Old Norse) Vé[17] Possibly Frigg None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Vili (Old Norse) "Will"[18] Possibly Frigg None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Name Name meaning Attested consorts and sexual partners Attested children Attestations Baduhenna (Latinized Germanic) Badu-, may be cognate to Proto-Germanic *badwa- meaning "battle." The second portion of the name -henna may be related to -henae, which appears commonly in the names of matrons.[1] None attested None attested Tacitus' Annals Bil (Old Norse) Contested None attested None attested Prose Edda Beyla (Old Norse) Proposed as related to "cow," "bean," or "bee."[19] Byggvir None attested Poetic Edda Eir (Old Norse) "Peace, clemency"[20] or "help, mercy"[21] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Ēostre (Old English) "East"[22] None attested None attested De temporum ratione Freyja (Old Norse) (See List of names of Freyja for more) "Lady"[23] Freyr, Óðr Hnoss, Gersemi Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Heimskringla, Sörla þáttr Frigg (Old Norse) Derived from an Indo-European root meaning "Love"[24] Odin (consort), Vili, Vé Baldr Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Gesta Danorum, Historia Langobardorum, Second Merseburg Incantation Fulla (Old Norse) Possibly "bountiful"[25] None attested None attested Second Merseburg Incantation, Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Gefjun (Old Norse) Related to "giving"[26] Skjöldr, unnamed jötunn Four oxen Prose Edda, Ynglinga saga, Völsa þáttr, Gersemi (Old Norse) "Treasure, precious object"[27] None attested None attested Heimskringla Gerðr (Old Norse) "Fenced in"[28] Freyr Fjölnir (Heimskringla) Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Heimskringla Gná (Old Norse) Possibly related to Old Norse Gnæfa, meaning "to project"[29] None attested None attested Prose Edda Gullveig (Old Norse) Contested None attested None attested Poetic Edda Hariasa Possibly related to the valkyrie name Herja or meaning "goddess with lots of hair"[30] None attested None attested Stone from Cologne, Germany (CIL XIII 8185) Hlín (Old Norse) Possibly related to the Old Norse term hleinir, itself possibly meaning "protects"[31] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Hnoss (Old Norse) "Treasure"[31] None attested None attested Prose Edda Hretha (Old English) Possibly "the famous" or "the victorious"[32] None attested None attested De temporum ratione Ilmr (Old Norse) Potentially related to Old Norse ilmr, a masculine noun meaning "pleasant scent"[33] None attested None attested Prose Edda, skaldic poetry Iðunn (Old Norse) Possibly "ever young"[34] Bragi None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Irpa (Old Norse) Possibly relating to "dark brown"[35] None attested None attested Jómsvíkinga saga, Njáls saga Lofn (Old Norse) Potentially related to "Praise"[36] None attested None attested Prose Edda Nanna (Old Norse) Possibly "mother" from nanna, or potentially related to nanþ-, meaning "the daring one"[37] Baldr Forseti Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Gesta Danorum, Chronicon Lethrense, Setre Comb Nehalennia (Latinized Germanic) Posibbly "she who is at the sea" None attested None attested Votive altars discovered around what is now the province of Zeeland, the Netherlands Nerthus (Latinized Germanic, from Proto-Germanic *Nerthuz) Latinized form of what Old Norse Njörðr would have looked like around 1 CE.[38] None attested None attested Germania Njörun (Old Norse) Possibly related to the Norse god Njörðr and the Roman goddess Nerio[39] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, skaldic poetry Rán (Old Norse) "Theft, robbery"[40] Ægir Nine daughters Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna Rindr (Old Norse) Possibly related to *Vrindr[41] Odin Váli Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Gesta Danorum Sága (Old Norse) Possibly "to see"[42] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, skaldic poetry Sandraudiga (Latinized Germanic) "She who dyes the sand red."[43] None attested None attested North Brabant stone Sif (Old Norse) "In-law-relationship"[44] Thor Þrúðr, Ullr Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Sigyn (Old Norse) "Victorious girl-friend"[45] Loki Nari, Narfi and/or Váli Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Sinthgunt (Old High German) Contested None attested None attested Second Merseburg Incantation Sjöfn (Old Norse) "Love"[46] None attested None attested Prose Edda Skaði (Old Norse) Possibly related to Scandia.[47] Ullr, Odin, once Njörðr. Sæmingr Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Ynglinga saga Snotra (Old Norse) "The clever one"[48] None attested None attested Prose Edda Sól (Old Norse), Sunna (Old High German) "Sun"[49] Glenr Second Merseburg Incantation, Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Syn (Old Norse) "Refusal"[50] None attested None attested Prose Edda Tamfana (Latinized Germanic) Unknown None attested None attested Germania, Tamfanae sacrum inscription Þrúðr (Old Norse) "Power"[51] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Karlevi Runestone Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr (Old Norse) Literally "Þorgerðr Hölgi's Bride"[52] None attested Hölgi, possibly others Jómsvíkinga saga, Njáls saga, Skáldskaparmál, Færeyinga saga Vár (Old Norse) "Beloved"[53] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Vör (Old Norse) Possibly "the careful one"[54] None attested None attested Prose Edda' 'Poetic Edda Thrymsvitha' Zisa Possibly related to *Tiwaz None attested Possibly Tyr via linguistic connection Codex Monac, Codex Emmeran, and Suevicarum rerum scriptores -
Modern English day name Old English day name English day name meaning Glossed from Latin day name Latin day name meaning Monday Mōnandæg "Moon's day", personified in related Norse mythology as the god Máni Dies Lunae "Day of Luna (moon)" Tuesday Tiwesdæg "Tiw's day", personified in related Norse mythology as the god Tyr Dies Martis "Day of Mars" Wednesday Wōdnesdæg "Woden's day", personified in related Norse mythology as the god Odin Dies Mercurii "Day of Mercury" Thursday Þūnresdæg "Thunor's day", personified in related Norse mythology as the god Thor or Tor Dies Iovis "Day of Jupiter" Friday Frigedæg "Frigg's day", personified in related Norse mythology as the goddess Frigg and/or Freyja Dies Veneris "Day of Venus" Saturday Sæturnesdæg "Saturn's day" Dies Saturni "Day of Saturn" Sunday Sunnandæg Sun's day", personified in related Norse mythology as the goddess Sól Dies Solis "Day of Sol Invictus (sun)"
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